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offensive realism
Offensive realism is a structural theory belonging to the neorealist school of thought first postulated by John Mearsheimer〔http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jird/journal/v8/n4/full/1800065a.html〕 that holds the anarchic nature of the international system is responsible for aggressive state behaviour in international politics. It fundamentally differs from defensive realism, as originally put forward by Kenneth Waltz, by depicting great powers as power-maximising revisionists privileging buck-passing over balancing strategies in their ultimate aim to dominate the international system. The theory brings important alternative contributions for the study and understanding of international relations but remains nonetheless the subject of criticism.
==Theoretical origins==
Offensive neorealism is a prominent theory of international relations belonging to the realist school of thought, which includes various sub-trends characterised by the different perspectives of representative scholars such as Robert Gilpin, Randall Schweller, Eric J. Labs and Fareed Zakaria.〔Liu Feng and Zhang Ruizhuan, “The Typologies of Realism”, Chinese Journal of International Politics 1 (2006): 124 and 126.〕〔Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, “Security Seeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited”, International Security 25:3 (2000/2001): 128-129 and 134.〕〔Gerald Geunwook Lee, “To Be Long or Not to Be Long–That is the Question: The Contradiction of Time-Horizon in Offensive Realism”, Security Studies 12:2 (2003): 196.〕 Yet, to date, the most important variant of offensive neorealism is that of John J. Mearsheimer as fully developed in his book ''The Tragedy of Great Power Politics''.〔John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2001).〕 While Mearsheimer’s offensive neorealism theory does reiterate and build on certain assumptions elaborated by classical realists, it departs completely from this branch by using positivism as a philosophy of science and by adding a system-centric approach to the study of state behaviour in international politics based on the structure of the international system.〔Glenn H. Snyder, “Mearsheimer’s World—Offensive Realism and the Struggle for Security: A Review Essay”, International Security 27:1 (2002): 151.〕〔Feng and Zheng, Typologies of Realism, 113-114.〕〔Robert D. Kaplan, “Why John J. Mearsheimer Is Right (About Some Things)”, The Atlantic Magazine (2012) (from:http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/01/why-john-j-mearsheimer-is-right-about-some-things/8839/ )〕 Accordingly, his offensive neorealism pertains to the sub-branch of neorealism alongside other structural theories such as defensive realism.〔Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory”, Journal of International Affairs 44:1 (1990): 34.〕
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